口蹄疫病毒结构蛋白P1基因转化玉米的初步研究

实验在构建口蹄疫病毒(Foot and Mouth Disease Virus,FMDV)结构蛋白P1基因植物双元表达载体(pBI131SP1、pBI21P1和pBI121AP1)的基础上,以玉米自交系8902、340、4112的Ⅱ型胚性愈伤组织为受体,用农杆菌介导法和基因枪轰击法转化玉米,获得31株抗性再生植株.GUS染色证明外源目的基因在玉米细胞和组织中得到了表达.PCR检测、Southem blotting鉴定证实目的基因P1已整合到再生植株的基因组中,共获得了13株转基因玉米植株,首次进行了FMDV抗原基因转化玉米的研究。     

优质小麦品种郑麦9023品质特性的研究

郑麦9023是河南省优质小麦生产的主导品种。为了建立郑麦9023的优质高效生产技术体系，对该品种品质特性在河南省的地域性变化以及土壤养分、氮磷钾肥料、杀菌剂对该品种品质特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明：(1)郑麦9023的品质特性在河南省的北部地区可稳定达到优质强筋小麦国家1级标准，在中部地区总体上接近优质强筋小麦国家1级标准，在南部地区可以达到优质强筋小麦国家2级标准；(2)抽穗期土壤速效N的含量是决定郑麦9023品质水平的关键栽培因素，此时土壤速效N含量60mg／kg、80mg／kg和160mg／kg分别为郑麦9023品质达到亚强筋、强筋、超强筋的土壤N素临界值；(3)K肥对强筋品质特性具有正效应，而P肥对强筋品质特性具有负效应；(4)杀菌剂粉锈宁对强筋特性具有劣化作用，而多菌灵无此负作用。     

不同施P水平下AM真菌对黄芪生长和生理学特性的影响

通过土培试验研究了施P量与AM真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对黄芪生长和生理学特性的影响。结果表明,不同施P水平对AM真菌的接种效果有显著影响,接种AM真菌能够提高黄芪根系菌根侵染率,但高P量抑制了AM真菌对黄芪的侵染。不同施P水平下接种AM真菌能有效提高黄芪产量、植株可溶性糖和矿质元素含量,但对植株可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响。并且在施P量为56~112 mg P/kg土水平下AM真菌效果较好。     

磷钾配施对旱砂田西瓜产量、品质及养分利用率的影响

为了探明旱砂田西瓜产量、 品质及养分利用率同步提高的最佳氮磷钾施用量和配比,制定合理的栽培措施,本试验以中晚熟西瓜品种陇抗九号为试材,在砂田西瓜氮肥施用量为200 kg/hm2的基础上,设置了3个施钾水平（0、 130、 260 kg/hm2）和4个施磷水平（0、 90、 130、 170 kg/hm2）,研究了磷、 钾肥配施对西瓜产量、 品质和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,西瓜产量和品质均随施磷量和施钾量的增加而提高,其中P170处理的西瓜单瓜重和产量较P0分别显著提高了13.75%和43.79%; 西瓜平均含糖量、 Vc和蛋白质含量较P0分别显著提高了13.75%、 9.48%和11.90%; K260处理的西瓜单瓜重和产量较K0分别显著提高了9.22%和7.54%; 西瓜平均含糖量和硝酸盐含量较K0分别显著提高了5.86%和11.24%。磷钾肥配施对西瓜光合、 产量及养分吸收利用的互作效应显著,且均表现出在低钾条件下,各指标随施磷量的增加先增加后趋于稳定或降低; 高钾条件下,则随施磷量的增加而增加,并以磷肥效应较大,钾肥次之,在磷、 钾配施的所有处理中,K260P170处理的西瓜光合速率、 产量和养分利用率均最高。本试验在施用氮肥200 kg/hm2条件下,砂田西瓜的磷、 钾最优施肥量分别为170 kg/hm2和260 kg/hm2,相应的N、 P2O5、 K2O比例为1∶0.85∶1.3。     

Recovery of phosphorus fertilizer in potato as affected by application strategy and soil type

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are usually supplied prior to or at planting of potato even though most P is taken up 40 to 80 d after emergence. This may lead to inefficient P use as a result of P leaching or fixation in the soil. This study evaluates the effects of split P application at multiple times during the growth period according to the plant's need for P. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Ditta) was grown in pots in climate chambers, and radioactive ³²P isotope was used to distinguish between the fertilizer and soil‐derived P sources. Two soils were tested in combination with five application rates of P, and the plants were harvested at four dates. The results show that the recovery of P fertilizer can be significantly enhanced if the P supply is split. The result also showed that the proportion of soil‐derived P, accumulated in the plant, was significantly reduced both when more fertilizer P was applied to the soil and when P supply was split into several applications. The positive effects of multiple P applications on the P recovery were greatest in the soil with low P status and low buffer capacity.     

Bone char as phosphorus fertilizer involved in cadmium immobilization in lettuce,wheat, and potato cropping

Bone char is a potential clean and renewable P fertilizer with Cd‐immobilization capabilities, but the P–Cd interactions in cropping of vegetable, grain, and tuber crops are unknown. In the present pot experiment bone char was evaluated on its effect on the growth and P supply of various crops (lettuce, wheat, potatoes) as well as its capability to reduce the uptake of Cd from a moderately Cd‐contaminated and P‐deficient soil (soil 1) and a highly Cd‐contaminated soil with sufficient P supply (soil 2). When averaging the dry‐matter yield over the treatments for each crop for the P‐sufficient soil 1, the following order was obtained: triple superphosphate (TSP) > diammonium phosphate (DAP) > BC, whereas for the soil 2 with sufficient P supply it was inverted with BC > DAP > TSP. The P‐deficiency resulted in a more pronounced effect of TSP and DAP on the plant growth, whereas P sufficiency in the soil promoted a crop‐quality‐enhancing effect of bone char. The Cd concentration in the consumption‐relevant plant parts was mostly insignificantly affected by treatments; however, the total Cd concentration in the whole plants tended to decrease with fertilizer addition for all crops in soil 1 even at very low bone‐char application levels. Similar results were obtained for soil 2 with an exception for the Cd concentration in potatoes, as the total Cd concentration was significantly increased in the TSP and DAP treatments. This most likely results from the introduction of Cd with TSP and DAP as they contained ≈ 27–28 mg Cd kg^–1. Thus, this study demonstrated the potential of bone char as a clean P fertilizer, which can efficiently decrease the Cd contamination of potato on contaminated soils.     

Soil P fractions in a volcanic soil chronosequence of Central Mexico and their relationship to foliar P in pine trees

Phosphorus (P) is a major plant nutrient, however, its availability in volcanic ash soils is presumed to be small, due to its specific sorption on short‐range order minerals. We analyzed distinct P fractions in volcanic ash soils of different age (60 to > 100,000 y BP) under pine forests in Central Mexico to investigate their changes along a chronosequence of Regosols, Andosols, and Lixisols, and to evaluate if P availability limits tree growth at any particular stage. Top soil and subsoil samples were first analyzed by the Tiessen and Moir method, which failed to extract exhaustively “organic” and “occluded P”, and “P associated with apatite”. Therefore, we modified the fractionation scheme by including a “recalcitrant organic P” fraction obtained from the difference between P determined in air‐dried subsamples and subsamples burned at 300°C; P adsorbed to short‐range order minerals was assessed in an extraction with NH₄‐oxalate, and P in primary minerals by subtracting the sum of all other fractions from total P contents determined by XRF. This we did after discovering that primary P occurred in the form of fluorapatite included in plagioclase, volcanic glass or olivine. We also measured P contents in pine needles and related these with the “mobile soil P” fractions. The results show that “organic P” reaches maximum contents in 10,000‐y old soil, as does P associated with short‐range order minerals, while P occluded into crystalline oxides increases constantly over time. After 100,000 y, 31% of total P still remains in the form of primary P in A horizons. “Mobile P” was constant > 40 mg kg^?1 in Regosols and Andosols and related positively with foliar P contents, which were within adequate nutritional ranges. Only in Lixisols small “mobile P” concentrations in soil correspond with inadequate P contents in pine needles.     

副猪嗜血杆菌外膜蛋白P5对豚鼠树突状细胞成熟及功能影响

为研究副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis,Hps)外膜蛋白P5对豚鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞(Dendritic cell,DC)刺激淋巴细胞增殖功能及细胞因子分泌的影响,以GM-CSF、IL-4联合诱导骨髓细胞生成未成熟DC,加入不同剂量副猪嗜血杆菌外膜蛋白P5,观察DC形态,检测混合淋巴细胞反应,ELISA法测IL-6、IL-12p70、TNF-α分泌情况.结果显示:经副猪嗜血杆菌外膜蛋白P5刺激后,可获得具有典型树突状突起形态的DC;经5μg·mL-1P5刺激的DC较对照IL-6、TNF-α分泌量极显著增加(P＜0.01),IL-12的分泌量有所增加(P＞0.05);50 μg·mL-1P5刺激的DC较对照IL-6分泌量极显著增加(P＜0.01),IL-12p70和TNF-α分泌量均极显著下降(P＜0.01).诱导后的DC刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖的能力极显著增强(P＜0.01).本研究证明P5能影响骨髓细胞来源的DC的分化、成熟及功能的发挥,且不同剂量的P5对DC的成熟程度影响有差异.     

赤红壤有效磷分级指标的研究

用盆栽试验方法得到玉米幼苗干物质相对积累量与赤红壤土壤有效磷含量的关系曲线可以用一元二次响应方程来拟合,土壤Olsen P含量的响应方程为:y=-0.4831x2+13.88x+2.664,决定系数为0.9555**;土壤Mehlich 3 P含量的响应方程为:y=-0.2621x2+9.4821x+18.891,决定系数为0.9400**。赤红壤区的土壤有效磷分级指标为:Olsen P,小于4.0 mg kg-1为"极低",4.0~6.8 mg kg-1为"低",6.8~10.5 mg kg-1为"中",大于10.5 mg kg-1为"高";Mehlich 3 P,小于3.6mg kg-1为"极低",3.6~7.5 mg kg-1为"低",7.5~12.0 mg kg-1为"中",大于12.0 mg kg-1为"高"。     

伊乐藻对污染水体中氮、磷的净化效果及其克藻效应

为了科学评价伊乐藻在水生态修复中的实际应用价值,在模拟条件下初步研究了沉水植物伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）对污染水体中氮、磷的净化效果及其克藻效应。结果表明,伊乐藻对总氮、氨态氮、硝态氮和总磷均具有一定的净化效果,并且水体中氮、磷起始浓度越高,其去除效果越明显;不同生物量伊乐藻对河水中其他藻类均具有较强抑制作用,并且随着生物量增加,其克藻效应更加明显。